New Metals

Almost 75% of all elements are metals. Metals are used in electronics for wires and in cookware for pots and pans because they conduct electricity and heat well. Most metals are malleable and ductile and are, in general, heavier than the other elemental substances. Two or more metals can be alloyed to create materials with properties that do not exist in a pure metal.

All metals can be classified as either ferrous or non-ferrous. Ferrous metals contain iron and non-ferrous metals do not. All ferrous metals are magnetic and have poor corrosion resistance while non-ferrous metals are typically non-magnetic and have more corrosion resistance. An overview of the most common ferrous and non-ferrous metals is shown below.

Chart:

Ferrous Metals


Material name Composition Properties Applications
Low Carbon Steels Up to 0.30% Carbon Good formability, good weld-ability, low cost 0.1%-0.2% carbon: Chains, stampings, rivets, nails, wire, pipe, and where very soft, plastic steel is needed.

0.2%-0.3% carbon: Machine and structural parts
Medium Carbon Steels 0.30% to 0.80% Carbon A good balance of properties, fair formability 0.3%-0.4% carbon: Lead screws, gears, worms, spindles, shafts, and machine parts.

0.4%-0.5% carbon: Crankshafts, gears, axles, mandrels, tool shanks, and heat-treated machine parts

0.6%-0.8% carbon: "Low carbon tool steel" and is used where shock strength is wanted. Drop hammer dies, set screws, screwdrivers, and arbors.

0.7%-0.8% carbon: Tough and hard steel. Anvil faces, band saws, hammers, wrenches, and cable wire.
High Carbon Steels 0.80% to ~2.0% Carbon Low toughness, formability, and weld-ability, high hardness and wear resistance, fair formability 0.8%-0.9% carbon: Punches for metal, rock drills, shear blades, cold chisels, rivet sets, and many hand tools.

0.9%-1.0% carbon: Used for hardness and high tensile strength, springs, cutting tools

1.0%-1.2% carbon: Drills, taps, milling cutters, knives, cold cutting dies, wood working tools.

1.2%-1.3% carbon: Files, reamers, knives, tools for cutting wood and brass.

1.3%-1.4% carbon: Used where a keen cutting edge is necessary (razors, saws, etc.) and where wear resistance is important.
Stainless Steel Stainless steel is a family of corrosion resistant steels. They contain at least 10.5% chromium, with or without other elements. The Chromium in the alloy forms a self-healing protective clear oxide layer. This oxide layer gives stainless steels their corrosion resistance. Good corrosion resistance, appearance, and mechanical properties  
Austenitic Steels: Contains chromium and nickel. The typical chromium content is in the range of 16% to 26%; nickel content is commonly less than 35%. Good mechanical and corrosion resisting properties, high hardness and yield strength as well as excellent ductility and are usually non-magnetic Kitchen sinks, architectural applications such as roofing, cladding, gutters, doors and windows; Food processing equipment; Heat exchangers; Ovens; Chemical tanks
Ferritic Steels: Magnetic with a high chromium and low nickel content usually alloyed with other elements such as aluminum or titanium. Good ductility, weld-ability, and formability; reasonable thermal conductivity, and corrosion resistance with a good bright surface appearance Automotive trim, catalytic converters, radiator caps, fuel lines, cooking utensils, architectural and domestic appliance trim applications
Martensitic Steels: Typically contains 11.0% to 17.0% chromium, no nickel, and 0.10% to 0.65% carbon levels. The high carbon enables the material to be hardened by heating to a high temperature, followed by rapid cooling (quenching). Good combination of corrosion resistance and excellent mechanical properties, produced by heat treatment, to develop maximum hardness, strength, and resistance to abrasion and erosion. Cutlery, scissors, surgical instruments, wear plates, garbage disposal shredder lugs, industrial knives, vanes for steam turbines, fasteners, shafts, and springs