Drilling Machine

May 17, 2011

VERTICAL DRILL MACHINE

OBJECTIVE:

Drilling is a process of machining with a rotary cutting motion, in which the tool only   allows a feed movement in the direction of the axis of rotation. Drill includes various production processes such as counter boring and reaming. Drilling purpose is to make hole from the solid by using twist drill.

Drilling Details

Drilling is the operation of producing circular hole in the work-piece by using a rotating cutter called DRILL.

• § The machine used for drilling is called drilling machine.
• § The drilling operation can also be accomplished in lathe, in which the drill is held in tailstock and the work is held by the chuck.
• § The most common drill used is the twist drill.

Drilling Machine
• It is the simplest and accurate machine used in production shop.
• The work piece is held stationary ie. Clamped in position and the drill rotates to make a hole.
Types
1) Based on construction:
Portable,
Sensitive,
Radial,
up-right,
Gang,
Multi-spindle
2) Based on Feed:
Hand driven
Power driven
Components of drilling machine
Spindle
The spindle holds the drill or cutting tools and revolves in a fixed position in a sleeve.
Sleeve
The sleeve or quill assembly does not revolve but may slide in its bearing in a direction parallel to its axis. When the sleeve carrying the spindle with a cutting tool is lowered, the cutting tool is fed into the work: and when it’s moved upward, the cutting tool is withdrawn from the work. Feed pressure applied to the sleeve by hand or power causes the revolving drill to cut its way into the work a fraction of an mm per revolution.
Column
The column is cylindrical in shape and built rugged and solid. The column supports the head and the sleeve or quill assembly.
Head
The head of the drilling machine is composed of the sleeve, a spindle, an electric motor and feed mechanism. The head is bolted to the column.
Worktable
The worktable is supported on an arm mounted to the column. The worktable can be adjusted vertically to accommodate different heights of work or it can be swung completely out of the way. It may be tilted up to 90 degree in either direction, to allow long pieces to be end or angle drilled.
Base
The base of the drilling machine supports the entire machine and when bolted to the floor, provides for vibration-free operation and best machining accuracy. The top of the base is similar to the worktable and may be equipped with t- slot for mounting work too larger for the table.
Hand Feed
The hand- feed drilling machines are the simplest and most common type of drilling machines in use today. These are light duty machine that are operated by the operator, using a feed handled, so that the operator is able to “feel” the action of the cutting tool as it cuts through the work piece. These drilling machines can be bench or floor mounted.
Power feed
The power feed drilling machine are usually larger and heavier than the hand feed ones they are equipped with the ability to feed the cutting tool in to the work automatically, at preset depth of cut per revolution of the spindle these machines are used in maintenance for medium duty work or the work that uses large drills that require power feed larger work pieces are usually clamped directly to the table or base using t –bolts and clamps by a small work places are held in a vise. A depth –stop mechanism is located on the head, near the spindle, to aid in drilling to a precise depth.
Sensitive or Bench Drilling Machine
• This type of drill machine is used for very light works. Fig.1 illustrates the sketch of sensitive drilling machine.
• The vertical column carries a swiveling table the height of which can be adjusted according to the work piece height.
• The table can also be swung to any desired position.
• At the top of the column there are two pulleys connected by a belt, one pulley is mounted on the motor shaft and other on the machine spindle.
• Vertical movement to the spindle is given by the feed handle by the operator.
• Operator senses the cutting action so sensitive drilling machine.
• Drill holes from 1.5 to 15mm
Fig.1. Sensitive Drilling Machine
Up-Right Drilling Machine
• These are medium heavy duty machines.
• It specifically differs from sensitive drill in its weight, rigidity, application of power feed and wider range of spindle speed. Fig.2 shows the line sketch of up-right drilling machine.
• This machine usually has a gear driven mechanism for different spindle speed and an automatic or power feed device.
• Table can move vertically and radially.
• Drill holes up to 50mm
Fig.2 Up-Right Drilling Machine
Radial Drilling Machine
• It the largest and most versatile used for drilling medium to large and heavy work pieces.
• Radial drilling machine belong to power feed type.
• The column and radial drilling machine supports the radial arm, drill head and motor. Fig.3 shows the line sketch of radial drilling machine.
Fig. 3 Radial Drilling Machine
• The radial arm slides up and down on the column with the help of elevating screw provided on the side of the column, which is driven by a motor.
• The drill head is mounted on the radial arm and moves on the guide ways provided the radial arm can also be swiveled around the column.
• The drill head is equipped with a separate motor to drive the spindle, which carries the drill bit. A drill head may be moved on the arm manually or by power.
• Feed can be either manual or automatic with reversal mechanism.
Drill Materials
The two most common types are
1. HSS drill
- Low cost
2. Carbide- tipped drills
– high production and in CNC machines
Other types are
Solid Carbide drill, TiN coated drills, carbide coated masonry drills, parabolic drills, split point drill. Fig.4 shows various types of drills
Fig. 4 Various types of drill
Drill fixed to the spindle
Fig. 5 Drill fixed to a spindle
Tool Nomenclature
Fig. 6 Nomenclature of twist drill
Tool holding devices
Fig.7 and Fig.8 shows the different work holding and drill drift device. The different methods used for holding drill in a drill spindle are
• By directly fitting in the spindle hole.
• By using drill sleeve
• By using drill socket
• By using drill chuck
Drilling operations
Operations that can be performed in a drilling machine are
Ø Drilling
Ø Reaming
Ø Boring
Ø Counter boring
Ø Countersinking
Ø Tapping
Drilling:
It is an operation by which holes are produced in solid metal by means of revolving tool called ‘Drill’. Fig. 9 shows the various operations on drilling machine.